Multiregional Hypothesis Human Evolutionary Theory

The Multiregional Hypothesis model of human evolution (abbreviated MRE and known alternatively as Regional Continuity or Polycentric model) argues that our earliest hominid ancestors (specifically Homo erectus) evolved in Africa and then radiated out into the world. Based on paleoanthropological data rather than genetic evidence, the theory says that after H. erectus arrived in the various regions in the world hundreds of thousands of years ago, they slowly evolved into modern humans. Homo sapiens, so MRE posits, evolved from several different groups of Homo erectus in several places throughout the world. However, genetic and paleoanthropological evidence gathered since the 1980s has shown conclusively that that simply cannot be the case: Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and dispersed out into the world, somewhere between 50,000-62,000 years ago. What happened then is quite interesting. Background: How Did the Idea of MRE Arise? In the mid-19th century, when Darwin wrote Origin of Species, the only lines of evidence of human evolution he had were comparative anatomy and a few fossils. The only hominin (ancient human) fossils known in the 19th century were Neanderthals, early modern humans, and H. erectus. A lot of those early scholars didnt even think those fossils were humans or related to us at all. When in the early 20th century numerous hominins with robust large-brained skulls and heavy brow ridges (now usually characterized as H. heidelbergensis) were discovered, scholars started to develop a wide variety of scenarios about how we were related to these new hominins, as well as Neanderthals and H. erectus. These arguments still had to be tied directly to the growing fossil record: again, no genetic data was available. The predominant theory then was that H. erectus gave rise to Neanderthals and then modern humans in Europe; and in Asia, modern humans evolved separately directly from H. erectus. Fossil Discoveries As more and more distantly-related fossil hominins were identified in the 1920s and 1930s, such as Australopithecus, it became clear that human evolution was much older than previously considered and much more varied. In the 1950s and 60s, numerous hominins of these and other older lineages were found in East and South Africa: Paranthropus, H. habilis, and H. rudolfensis. The predominant theory then (although it varied greatly from scholar to scholar), was that there were nearly independent origins of modern humans within the various regions of the world out of H. erectus and/or one of these various regional archaic humans. Dont kid yourself: that original hardline theory was never really tenable -- modern humans are simply too much alike to be evolved from different Homo erectus groups, but more reasonable models such as those put forward by paleoanthropologist Milford H. Wolpoff and his colleagues argued that you could account for the similarities in human beings on our planet because there was lots of gene flow between these independently evolved groups. In the 1970s, paleontologist W.W. Howells proposed an alternate theory: the first Recent African Origin model (RAO), called the Noahs Ark hypothesis. Howells argued that H. sapiens evolved solely in Africa. By the 1980s, growing data from human genetics led Stringer and Andrews to develop a model that said that the very earliest anatomically modern humans arose in Africa about 100,000 years ago and archaic populations found throughout Eurasia might be descendants of H. erectus and later archaic types but they were not related to modern humans. Genetics The differences were stark and testable: if MRE was right, there would be various levels of ancient genetics (alleles) found in modern people in scattered regions of the world and transitional fossil forms and levels of morphological continuity. If RAO was right, there should be very few alleles older than the origins of anatomically modern humans in Eurasia, and a decrease in genetic diversity as you get away from Africa. Between the 1980s and today, over 18,000 whole human mtDNA genomes have been published from people all over the world, and they all coalesce within the last 200,000 years and all the non-African lineages only 50,000-60,000 years old or younger. Any hominin lineage that branched off from the modern human species prior to 200,000 years ago did not leave any mtDNA in modern humans. An Admixture of Humans With Regional Archaics Today, paleontologists are convinced that humans evolved in Africa and that the bulk of modern non-African diversity is recently derived from an African source. The exact timing and pathways outside of Africa are still under debate, perhaps out of East Africa, perhaps along with a southern route from South Africa. The most startling news from a human evolution sense is some evidence for mixing between Neanderthals and Eurasians. Evidence for this is that between 1 to 4% of genomes in people who are non-Africans are derived from Neanderthals. That was never predicted by either the RAO or the MRE. The discovery of a completely new species called the Denisovans threw another stone in the pot: even though we have very little evidence of Denisovan existence, some of their DNA has survived in some human populations.​ Identifying Genetic Diversity in Human Kind It is now clear that before we can understand the diversity in archaic humans, we have to understand the diversity in modern humans. Although MRE has not been seriously considered for decades, now it seems possible that modern African migrants hybridized with local archaics in different regions of the world. Genetic data demonstrate that such introgression did occur, but it is likely to have been minimal. Neither Neanderthals nor Denisovans survived into the modern period, except as a handful of genes, perhaps because they were unable to adapt to the unstable climates in the world or competition with H. sapiens. Sources Disotell TR. 2012. Archaic human genomics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 149(S55):24-39.Ermini L, Der Sarkissian C, Willerslev E, and Orlando L. 2015. Major transitions in human evolution revisited: A tribute to ancient  DNA. Journal of Human Evolution 79:4-20.Gamble C. 2013. In: Mock CJ, editor. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (Second Edition). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p 49-58.Hawks JD, and Wolpoff MH. 2001. The four faces of Eve: hypothesis compatibility and human origins. Quaternary International 75:41-50.Stringer C. 2014. Why we are not all multiregionalists now. Trends in Ecology Evolution 29(5):248-251.

My Personal Stance as a Social Worker Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Communication skills should also be sharpened because â€Å"in conversations with the professional, clients speak out about their pains and sorrows, and about their hope and beliefs. † (Van Nijnatten, 2006, p. 133). With children, social workers take on a more critical role, as they adjust to the developmental stages and needs of the child client. Like the parents’ role, a social worker helps the child to find the words that enable him to express himself well. When the child feels empowered enough to become the author of his life story, he becomes better able to reconstruct his life. (Van Nijnatten, 2006). Social workers are essential in the problem management of children at risk. They become part of a group of advocates that protect children from harm, or if such children are already abused, social workers alleviate their pain and help in preventing the damage caused by the abuse to elevate further. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) declares, "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth". We will write a custom essay sample on My Personal Stance as a Social Worker or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Article 2.2 further details, â€Å"States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the childs parents, legal guardians, or family members† (UNCRC, 1989). Adults, especially social workers working with children now become duty-bound to protect and help children recover from any harm and still grow up to live productive lives as adults. Anda et al (2005) discussed in their study that the traumatic experiences of abused or neglected children often stays on with the victim into adulthood, and can even influence the raising of that victim’s own children. More often than not, abused children repeat the pattern with their own children. Some children may never fully recover from the trauma, resulting in lifelong depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Other individuals may be predisposed to engage in prostitution, pornography, drug abuse, or crime (Browne Bryant Ferrara, 2002; Malinoskey-Rummell & Hansen, 1993). The long-term consequences of child maltreatment can be so devastating that it has been called "soul murder" (Shengold, 1989). It takes special skills and a compassionate nature to be a social worker for children at risk.

Media and Society Essay - 519 Words

Media and Society Does society influence media or does media influence society? In a modern world, dependent on continuous communication this is a very important question. If the world were not dependent on communication over large distances, schooling on a mass basis would not be possible or necessary. Most knowledge in traditional cultures was local knowledge, (Geertz 1983) traditions that were passed on through a local community, a very slow and long drawn out process. Today we live in the Whole World in a way that would have been inconceivable to anyone who lived before the 19th century. [IMAGE] We are now aware of news and situations thousands of miles away, all due†¦show more content†¦An average reader loves a good scandal, especially something to do with anyone in the public eye regularly, for instance: royalty, popstars, footballers and film stars. What society wants to read about is their private life and just how they live, and this puts pressure on the media to travel further to gather stories. An increase in the paparazzi has led to a great deal of pressure being put on the rich and famous, with every detail of their private life being examined, all for the sake of a story that will satisfy society. On the other hand, it cannot be doubted that media influences peoples attitudes and outlooks by conveying a variety of information which is acquired from newspapers, books, television, films, recorded music, magazines, showing how wide and dense the structure of todays media is. Recreational media such as newspapers and television have great bearing on society. Not because the media control popular opinion, but because this media is the source of information on which the public feel qualified to pass moral judgement and decisions. Television is a big business, with incredible influence. It is probably the single most important device in the last thirty years of media. It affects children as they are growing through their formative years, and theirShow MoreRelatedMedia And The Media Of Society891 Words   |  4 PagesSociety a well-organized group of persons associated together for religious benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes. As a people are born we are placed in a category of poor, middle, and upper class. As media makes their assumptions about who people really are, society watches with content without understanding it is themselves that is being displayed in the television screen. Society plays the role of the actor, but in real life. As a society, we have accepted theRead MoreThe Media Is A Mirror Of Society, And If That Society Is1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe media is a mirror of society, and if that society is by any means influenced by stereotypes, the media w ill reflect it. 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Through the use of media, guidelines consisting of generated ideas and ways of living, affect both menRead MoreThe I mpact of Media on Society853 Words   |  3 PagesHow much of an impact does the media have on your life? How many hours do you spend on the phone, watching television, or browsing the internet? Whether you choose to believe it or not, the media plays an enormous role in our everyday lives, and its impacts continues to stretch as technological advancements and other innovative creations come into place. One of the largest groups that the media affects, we fear is our children. As media continuously grows and undergoes changes, more and more childrenRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1669 Words   |  7 Pages The media doesn’t just show us the news and what is going on in the world. It shows us exactly what they want us to see, hear, feel and believe. Therefore we need to be aware that our own lives are not tainted in a negative way through this communication between ourselves and an industry trying to diminish our sense of individuality and shape us into what they themselves want. My research delves into the in-depth processes in which messages are delivered to our eyes and ears, through the news,Read MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"Whoever controls the media, controls the mind†. The Media have become one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most Americans use the media as their main source of information. The side effect of that is the fact that the media are very polarized. With the ongoing polarization, we could hypothesize that people would have been more politically ed ucated and oriented if the media was not infiltrated. Mass media are expected to be educational.Read MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1035 Words   |  5 PagesThe Oxford dictionary defines the media as â€Å"the main means of mass communication†, and can consist of anything from television shows to newspaper articles, to twitter feeds, to even word of mouth. In a time where celebrity scandal is integrated into every medium, the sensationalization of celebrities in criminal cases can spread like wild fire. This certainly rings true in the case of Bill Cosby, who has been accused of sexual assault since as early as 2005. In 2014, a surge of women came forwardRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1678 Words   |  7 Pages When you are young you don t realize that what you are watching on the television is shaping many of your beliefs, distorting what is fictional and what is reality. The media plays a huge role in stereotyping black people compared to white people which has a major impact in how we view the people in our world. When we are watching tv or listening to the radio and it is constantly relating the color of a person s skin to their actions. This causes the audience to associate these actions with aRead MoreMedia And Its Effect On Society1087 Words   |  5 PagesMedia is a tool that has been seen to control much of the world. More specifically it has the power to make people second guess themselves. Many images on today’s media are affecting the way people think. There seems to be an unrealistic body image the media presents, which affects the viewing public greatly. Time and time again, the media falters to make an impossible image for men to achieve, but does make unrealistic images for women to achieve constantly. Recently this has changed as manyRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Society1435 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Mass media is a significant force in modern culture. Sociologists refer to this as a mediated culture where media reflects and creates the culture† (â€Å"The Role and Influence of Mass Media†, n.d, para.2). Media has affected to the most area of human life include relationship, education, careers, and entertainment. There were a lot of researches about the impacts of media to society from negative to positive effects; however, researchers were not pay attention to the impacts of media in inequality

Should Marijuana Be Legal - 1160 Words

Dallas Sampley FYS- 2:20-3:35 Final Paper 12/8/2014 Legalization of Marijuana Hello. My name is human being. I have an Endocannabinoid system in my body. By nature by the universe. Natural. I choose to utilize this natural system in my body to better my health and well-being. There are some other human beings out there who believe they have a â€Å"right† or â€Å"duty† to prevent me to returning to my very own nature. As an intelligent, peaceful and free-thinking being, I understand that no man has a right to prevent any other man from his nature. I am a human being. I prefer cannabis for medical and spiritual use. It’s natural, non-toxic, and best of all, it’s non-lethal. Zero deaths and infinite smiles. I love cannabis, and no law or opinion will ever change my nature. It disappoints me that so many people don’t know the benefits of marijuana, I’ve made some of my best memories, met some of the greatest people in my life and learned a lot about myself through cannabis. If you’ve ever seen someone who is a ddicted to hard drugs then you’d understand just how harmless weed is and the fact that it’s still illegal is ridiculous! Is marijuana addictive? Yes, in the sense that most of the really pleasant things in life are worth endlessly repeating. It’s proven that cannabis is less harmful to your body than alcohol and I can tell you from personal experience that drinking can end badly. Whereas smoking marijuana will end with laughs, good times with your friends and an awesomeShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legal?1060 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United Sstates (Wagner).. Marijuana is commonly used becauseThis it is because marijuana is easy to get and doesn’t have the visibly dangerous effects that other drugs like cocaine and heroine have. However,But does that mean marijuana is harmless to the human body? There are some people and studies that believe it is harmlessso. Sanjay Gupta, MD, Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN, wrote the following: â€Å"Frequent marijuana useRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1609 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Fingarson English 11 March 9th, 2017 Junior Research Paper: Marijuana Should Be Legal. According to world recognized American Scientist Carl Sagan â€Å"the illegality of cannabis is outrageous, an impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insights , sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world†. These are just some of the benefits of Marijuana along with many others. All you have been taught about cannabis inRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?986 Words   |  4 Pages smoking pot in California, is legal. On Tuesday, November 8, 2016, California became the fifth state to legalize the recreational use of pot. By a margin of about 56% to 44%, voters passed Proposition 64. With its passing, California is now among states like Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska who have also legalized marijuana. â€Å"Marijuana could become quite the cash crop† said Richard McGowan, a professor at Boston College and expert in the field of marijuana legalization. While many peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?864 Words   |  4 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. Marijuana smoking remains the most prevalent form of illicit drug use in the United States and has even been legalized medicinally in twenty-four states. Four of these states, including Colorado and Washington, have legalized marijuana for recreational use. This means that it is treated like a controlled substance, like alcohol or tobacco, and anyone theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1230 Words   |  5 PagesCannabis Can The marijuana movement is more prevalent now than ever. Just recently, two other states have joined Colorado and Washington in the legalization of the recreational use of marijuana. On the other hand, the state of Florida did not pass the bill to approve medical marijuana. Although more and more states have begun to see the benefits in legalizing marijuana, many states maintain the view that smoking marijuana is criminal despite the many advantages it poses. Marijuana offers medical andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?997 Words   |  4 Pagesof the topics; write a thesis statement and complete the introduction 1. 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In actuality, medical marijuana is used to treat cancer cells. â€Å"The earliest use of cannabis as a medicine is attributed to the legendary Chinese Emperor Shen Nung, who is thought to have lived around 2700 BC.. Cannabis sativa is thought to have been grown for at leastRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesShould Marijuana Be Legal? In order to start a discussion about whether marijuana should be legal, we must first begin with the history of marijuana. How long has marijuana been around? The earliest recorded use of marijuana is from the island of Taiwan off the coast of mainland china over 10,000 years ago in the Stone Age (Marijuana, 2014). They wove their clothes and made their shoes from hemp. The first paper was made from a combination of crushed hemp fibers and mulberry tree bark. This

Weather Investigation Free Essays

Aim: To record the temperature around School to try to discover if there is a microclimate. Hypothesis: There is a microclimate around the school. The temperature will change. We will write a custom essay sample on Weather Investigation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Geographical Theory What is a microclimate? The climate of a small, specific place within a larger area. An area as small as a yard or park can have several different microclimates depending on how much sunlight, shade, or exposure to the wind there is at a particular spot. Compare macroclimate. Plan: In my experiment I am going to measure * Wind speed * Wind direction * Temperature- caretakers room, the English room, Italian room, tree by tennis courts * Air pressure * Rain fall * Cloud cover Method 1) Firstly, we went to the Geography room where we took a look at the Barometer. We read the black needle and then turned the gold needle to the black needle so that tomorrow we would be able to read the air pressure for today. 2) Then we went outside to the rain gauge near the pond. We lifted it up and read how many millimetres of water were inside it. We then emptied it so that tomorrow we cold read from fresh. 3) Next, we went to the tennis courts and measured the wind speed and wind direction using an anemometer and our finger. To use the anemometer you need to hold the digital reader in your hand and lift the other part until you get the highest reading. We licked our finger to find the wing direction and also used a compass then where our finger felt the coldest was where the wing was coming from. 4) We the measured the cloud cover by using observation and counted the number of clods comparing it in eighths. 5) Finally, we measured the temperature around the school reading the results from four different thermometers situated in four different places around the school. These are: the Italian room, the English room, the tennis courts and outside the caretakers room. We measured the current temperature from a normal thermometer and the lowest and highest temperature of the day from a max. min. thermometer. Analysis On Wednesday there was the least amount of air pressure but the most amount of rainfall. It also had the slowest wind speed but the highest number of oktas. Also,on Friday there was the most amounts of air pressure and the lowest number of oktas for the cloud cover. Description of results: On Monday the air pressure amount was between the highest and lowest amount, 998 mb. It had a lot of rainfall of 10 mm and the highest fastest wind speed of 6.4 ms going into the direction of east and 7 oktas for cloud cover. On Tuesday it had the second smallest amount of air pressure of 989 mb and the median amount of rainfall which is 5.5 mm. The wind speed was one of the slowest as it was only 5.1 ms heading east. There were 6 oktas for cloud cover. On Wednesday there was the least amount of air pressure with 981 mb and the most rainfall which is 11.5 mm. It had the slowest of wind speed of 0.75 ms heading south – east and the most cloud cover of 7 oktas. On Thursday it was a median amount of air pressure, 998 mb and the second smallest amount of rainfall with 5 mm but on that day the rain gauge tipped over so 5 mm was not the correct result. There was a wind speed of 5.9 heading south and the cloud cover was of 6 oktas. Lastly on Friday there was the highest amount of air pressure, 1012 mb and the lowest amount of rainfall which was 1.8mm. The wind speed consisted of 6 heading north the cloud cover being 5 oktas as the lowest. Conclusion I have concluded that there is a microclimate in different places around St Michael’s Grammar School. But on certain days it was more obvious then others. This is because all the temperatures are varied because of small changes such as facing south- which is where the sun is, or if there is a building in the way which can block sunlight, or if the weather is cloudy, which blocks the sun from getting to a certain area, which changes the temperature in the different areas. Evaluation This investigation was quite accurate but there are a few ways I would make this better. First of all I would make sure that the rain gauge is straight and steady so that it collects the right amount of rain that should be collected so that the rainfall results will be completely 100% accurate. Next I would make sure that the wind speed results are correct as well by using the anemometer properly and waiting longer for the highest amount of wind speed so that we can get a larger result. Another thing is to reset the temperature everyday at the exact minute from the past 24 hours so that the temperature will be accurate for every day. Overall the investigation had reasonably accurate results and there are ways to improve it but it in the end it was a great weather investigation. How to cite Weather Investigation, Papers

Yue Yuen free essay sample

Yue Yuen Industrial (Holdings) Ltd. : Site Selection 1) How should the site selection factors listed in the case study be weighed? Are there any further factors which should be added to the list? (1) Site Selection factors Labour costs of the host country Population and demographics of the host country Host country’s physical infrastructure Presence of suppliers- GDP and economic stability foreign investment . Exchange rate volatility Size of the local market Desirability of the host country Presence of other labour-intensive manufacturing in the area Presence of other footwear manufacturers in the region Amount of foreign investment in the country Labour laws of the host country (2) Additional factors Financial institution. The risk of pandemics Shortage of essential basics such as clean water and electricity Labour’s education and technical skill level The host country’s supportive benefits such as tax benefits, preferential interest rates and more flexible infrastructure regulations The host country’s political stability and security . We will write a custom essay sample on Yue Yuen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2) What could be potential production sites for the company in addition to the four locations mentioned in the case study? (1) Guangdong produced 44% of the industry’s exports, Fujian 23% and Zhejiang 15% as majorities of China’s casual and athletic footwear. (2) Sichuan and Jiangsu and Shanghai are also big business in footwear production. Which site should the company select for its new manufacturing operations, and why? (1) The company’s selection should be Vietnam (2) The reason why Vietnam should be selected as below The government’s supports such as a combination of tax benefits Low labour cost and highly young workforce Convenient geographical location Dynamic economy and rising domestic consumption Political and economic stability Vietnam was Nike’s second largest producer.